In the study of the scriptures we come across the terms Sama and Dama. Sama is generally regarded as meaning control of the inner senses and Dama as referring to control of the external senses. This is not correct. Sama means control of both the inner and outer sense organs. Among these sense organs, three are most important: the eyes, the ears and the tongue. Each of them tries to follow the other. When the eye sees something, the ear tries to listen to what is happening. Immediately thereafter the eye seeks to explore something new on the basis of what the ear has heard.
These sense organs, however, do not function by themselves. They are called Upakaranas, that is, subsidiary instruments. For all of them, the mind is the base. It is the mind that creates within itself its conception of the Universe. It gives form to the perceptions got from the senses.
The mind is the basis for the actions of the eye, the ear and the tongue. In the waking state, the eye sees, the ear hears and the tongue speaks. In the dream state, the eyes, the ears and the tongue are inoperative. In the dream state, the mind alone sees, hears and does the talking. The mind does all the functions of the senses. It is the inner operator of all the sense organs. Without control of the mind, man cannot have peace even for a moment. One who wishes to lead a happy and peaceful life, must exercise control over his senses. Man today has lost peace of mind because he has no control over his senses.
Senses and the Elements
There are five kinds of senses in man: Heating, touch, sight, taste and smell. These five senses are based on the five elements: Akasa (ether), Vayu (air), Agni (fire), Aapa (water), and Prithvi (earth).
The earth is the grossest of the elements; water is subtler and more pervasive than earth. Fire is subtler and more pervasive than water. Air is even more subtle than fire and is extremely pervasive. Ether is the subtlest and pervades everything. In this ascending order of subtlety, each element exhibits a wider pervasiveness than the preceding element. With increasing subtlety, pervasiveness also expands. In the reverse process, when subtlety diminishes, the density increases and the pervasiveness contracts. Thus air is less subtle and grosser than ether. Fire is grosser and less pervasive than air. Earth is the grossest and least pervasive.
Akasha is the basis of all the other Elements
It may be seen from this that ether is the basis of all the other elements. Akasha (ether or space) is the basis from which the other elements have emerged. Akasha may be compared to an infinite pot. All the other four elements are evolved from it. From the Gatha (movement) of ether, air came into existence. Out of air, fire emerged in course of time. Without air, there could be no fire. Out of the heat generated by fire, water was formed. For instance, in the human body, after a bout of fever, there is sweating. When we move in the hot sun, we perspire. This shows how water results from heat. From water all multifarious forms in Nature are evolved.
The relationship between grossness and pervasiveness can be illustrated by an example. Suppose, for instance, a jasmine flower is placed on a table in a room. The flower, which is gross, is small in size. But its fragrance, which is subtle, pervades the whole room. Likewise, steam which is generated from water, occupies a much larger space than the volume of water from which it is produced.
The mind of man, because of its extreme subtlety, is capable of immense expansion. But because of the senses, the mind has attraction for a variety of objects and persons. When these objects fill the mind, its expansiveness gets reduced. It is only when the attraction from these objects is reduced that the mind can achieve expansion.
If today man is filled with worries and has no peace of mind, it is because his mind is filled with innumerable desires. The world cannot be blamed for man's mental state. Nor can Samsara (family life) be held responsible for man's bondage. You bind yourself to Nature and the family, by your attachments and desires. To withdraw yourselves from these attachments and to reduce your subjection to the external world, you have to practice control over your eyes, ears and tongue.
Three Qualities of each Sheath
In this context you have to consider three factors: the gross, the subtle and the causal. Taking the examples of the tamarind fruit, you find that it has the outer rind, the fruit inside it and the seed within the fruit. All these are associated with one another. Our body is like the outer rind of the tamarind fruit. Our mind can be compared to the fruit within. Our causal body is comparable to the seed in the fruit. The human entity is the combination of these three. And in this entity, there are five Koshas (sheaths) - Annamaya (food sheath), Pranamaya (vital air sheath), Manomaya (mental), Vijnanamaya (intelligence) and Anandamaya (Blissful) Koshas.
The Annamaya Kosha has three qualities: hunger, thirst and sleep. The Pranamaya Kosa (the vital sheath) has also three qualities: inhaling, exhaling and motion. The Manomaya Kosa has these three qualities: Sankalpa (thought), Vikalpa (absence of thought) and Manana (introspection). Vijnanamaya Kosa has three qualities: Medha Shakti (intelligence), Viveka Shakti (power of discrimination) and Vijnana Shakti (wisdom). The three qualities of Anandamaya Kosa are Priyam (fondness), Modam (delight) and the Pramodam (Supreme delight or ecstasy). Everyone aspires to have these three experiences. When a person sees something and has liking for it, the feeling is Priyananda. When he enjoys an object or an idea or the company of a person dear to him, that experience is called Modam. The experience one has when he identifies himself with an idea of a person or an object that he likes is called Pramodam. For example, one learns that mangoes have come into the market. He derives a pleasure immediately on seeing the mangoes. This is Priyam. He then buys the mango and takes it home. The joy he derives from possessing the mango is Modam. Then he eats the fruit with relish. The joy derived from this is Pramodam.
The Devotee's delight in experiencing Divinity
The devotee, yearning constantly for a vision of the Lord, derives a similar kind of delight, which has been described as "Nityanandam Parama Sukhadam," (Ever-blissful and conferring Supreme happiness). Or he may wish to see the physical form of someone who is eminently estimable and dear to him. The moment he sees such a person he experiences delight. This is Priyam. He goes near the person and delights in the nearness to him. This is described as Modam. When they experience joy together, it is called Pramodam.
There are three levels in the experiencing of this Ananda (joy). Many kinds of spiritual practices are resorted to for realising God. During these exercises, one day God appears in a dream. The devotee rejoices in it. When the Lord seen in the dream appears before him, the devotee derives even greater delight. When he is able to move and sport with the Lord, he becomes ecstatic. That is described as Brahmanandam or Yogananandam or Advaitanandam (the bliss of oneself with the Divine). It is also called Paramanandam (Supreme Bliss). Of all forms of delight, the bliss that is experienced in oneness with the Divine is unexcelled.
Develop a keen sense of Discrimination
To achieve this state of bliss a start has to be made with the control of the senses. The senses have to be directed along right lines. The mind is the basis for all these sense organs. Without mental consciousness, the sense organs will not be able to function at all. From time to time the senses are likely to go astray. If a brass vessel is struck with a stick, it will send out vibrations. Likewise, when someone criticises you, your mind waves will get excited by the sound waves reaching a certain nerve centre in the brain. Immediately an angry reaction occurs. The stage is set for a quarrel. Then them is no control over the mind. On the other hand, someone else may come and praise you. You forget yourself and get immersed in joy. The sense of discrimination may be lost through excessive elation or through deep distress. When the discriminating power is weak, the mind is prone to pursue wrong courses.
You have, therefore to find out the true role of the mind. Below the mind is the vital principle. Above the mind is the Buddhi (Intelligence). Buddhi is associated with the Agni (fire) principle. Prana (the vital force) is also associated with the fire principle. The mind is situated between these two. "Chandramaa Manaso Jaatah" says the Veda (The moon is the presiding deity of the mind). The moon is considered a watery planet. Caught between the two "fires" above and below it, the mind is unstable.
The Atma and the Senses
You must understand how the mind functions. It is the underlying current in all sense organs. Supposing you are asleep and are experiencing a dream. You see in the dream your parents and friends. Was it your eyes that saw them in your dream? No. In the dream state the eyes are closed. In the dream state you are talking to your parents and friends. But compared to the waking state, the mouth is silent in the dream state. You feel in the dream you are listening to what your parents and friends are saying, but it is not your ears that are hearing. All that you see, hear or say in the dream are all the processes of the mind alone. Hence it is obvious that sense organs are only subsidiary organs and not self-acting instruments.
However, beyond the senses, the mind and the Buddhi (Intellect) there is the Atma (the Indwelling Spirit). Each sense organ has only one function to perform and cannot perform any other function. The eye can only see but cannot hear. The ear can only hear but cannot see. The tongue can only speak but cannot hear. Each sense organ is confined to its specific function. But the Atma comprehends and transcends all of them. It can see, listen, speak and think, hence, it is said: "Buddhi Graahyam Atheendriyam" (The Atma transcends all senses).
Egoism cannot be cured by Medicine
The sense organs are subject to various kinds of afflictions. With such disabilities, they cannot serve as reliable indicators of truth. Take, for instance the tongue. When a man is hungry the Laddu (made from sugar) tastes sweet to the tongue. But the same Laddu tastes bitter to the tongue when a person suffers from Malaria. Thus, when there is disease, the tongue fails to serve as a truthful organ of taste. Consider the case of the eyes.
When one is healthy, the eye sees every colour in its true form as red, green or yellow. But when a man suffers from jaundice, the eye sees everything as yellow. Here, again the eye fails to serve as a reliable indicator of truth when it is subject to disease. All the organs in the body are prone to disease of one sort or another. But, of all the ills to which man is prone, there is one which cannot be cured by medicine, that is, Ahamkara (egoism). This ego aggravates the tendency of the senses to lead man astray.
In this context, there are seven factors which have to be considered: (1) Deha (the body); (2) Karma (action); (3) Raga (attachment); (4) Dwesha (hatred); (5) Ahamkara (egoism); (6) Aviveka (lack of discrimination) and (7) Ajnana (ignorance). These seven influence the human condition. Ignorance undermines the power of discrimination. Without discrimination Ahamkara (self-conceit) develops. Ahamkara breeds the twins: attachment and hatred. Attachment and hatred lead to the experience of Karta (the consequences of one's actions). Raga and Dwesha generate actions of various kinds. These actions, in their turn, are the cause of birth in a Deha (body).
It follows that the root cause of Janma (human birth) is Karma (action). When your actions are good, you obtain a good birth. Your birth is the result of your actions. The nature of one's birth determines one's attachments and aversions. The attachments of a good person (by birth) are to God and the godly way of life. He yearns for God, adores God and worships God...
Control of Eyes and Tongue
In the journey to the Divine, man has to reduce progressively his desires, which are the cause of all his difficulties. It is true that man cannot exist without desires. But, they should be within masonable limits. There can be no happiness without control of desires. Among the senses, two are most important: the eyes and the tongue. Because of their exceptional importance, the Lord has provided them with the means of restraining their activities. The Lord points out: "You silly man! Take note that I have provided natural means for closing the eyes and the mouth." If you do not want to see anything undesirable, you can close your eyes with the eyelids. The ears and the nose have no such devices for closing them. The mouth has lips which can seal the tongue. Observe, therefore, restraint in speech and control the tongue. Control your eyes. When you control your eyes and tongue, you can easily control all other senses.
When the eyes roam freely, the tongue begins to wag without restraint. When the tongue is engaged in endless talking, the eyes want to look at every conceivable thing. When both these organs combine without restraint, life can become a calamity. Therefore, direct your eyes on good things alone.
Students should realise that only when they have control over what they see, what they hear and what they speak will they be able to live happy and meaningful lives. Observe moderation and sweetness in speech. Do not engage in purposeless and evil talk or in scandalous gossip.
Triple Purity that pleases the Lord
There are three things which are immensely pleasing to the Lord: A tongue that never indulges in falsehood. A body that is not minted by causing harm to others. And a mind that is free from attachment and hatred. These three constitute the Trikarana Shuddhi (Triple Purity). Refrain from uttering falsehood, inflicting pain on others and entertaining ill-will towards others. Practise silence as a means of preventing the tongue from straying away from truth. The ancient sages practised and preached silence for this purpose.
In the use of sense organs, there must be due regard for moderation and purity. This applies to food as well as to other things which you may take in.
Bliss is experienced in the Desireless State
It is the mind that has to exercise control over the senses, which cannot function by themselves. The mind is present in three states of consciousness - the waking, the dreaming and the deep sleep states. But it is absent in the Karana (causal) state in which them is only experience of the Divine. This is the state of total desirelessness. It is only when desires cease that the mind stops functioning. Real bliss is experienced in that state.
As long as the mind is active, them can be no escape from sorrow. To the extent the mind is under control, you can experience happiness. One way to reduce desires is to get absorbed in activity. Idleness encourages the mind to indulge in all kinds of thoughts. If you are intensely engaged in reading, singing, playing or any other activity, the mind will have no chance to wander hither and thither.
Source: Divine Discourse at Trayee Brindavan, on March 13, 1988.
No comments:
Post a Comment